E.C. Lee / SIMTEA.com
Part 1: The Nation's Origin, Baekdusan (白頭山) - A Sacred Spirit Mountain and a Living Volcano
Baekdusan Mountain is not only the geographical apex of the Korean Peninsula but also the spiritual mountain (靈山, yeongsan) of the Korean people. It stands as a vast ecosystem in itself and a stage for complex history. Geologically, it is a living volcano; ecologically, it is the wellspring of the Korean Peninsula's ecological axis; and historically, it has functioned as the origin of ancient kingdoms and a symbol of modern resistance.
1.1. Geological Wonder and Ecological Treasury
Baekdusan's identity begins not as a mere mountain, but as a vast volcanic complex that is still active today. This geological reality is the foundation for all its ecological and historical contexts.
1.1.1. Geological Chronology of an Active Volcano: The 10th-Century Great Eruption and 21st-Century Precursors
From a volcanological perspective, Baekdusan is a clear active volcano with a heat source deep underground and records of eruptions in historical times.1 The "Millennium Eruption" that occurred around the 10th century is recorded as one of the most violent volcanic events on Earth within the last 2,000 years.2 This eruption, in a massive Plinian style, spewed an enormous amount of volcanic ash and was accompanied by large-scale pyroclastic flows.1
Baekdusan's volcanic activity is not a distant relic. In the early 21st century, unstable precursor phenomena were intensively observed around the Cheonji (Heaven Lake) area.2
- Sudden Increase in Volcanic Earthquakes: The frequency of earthquakes, which was only a few dozen times per month from 1999 to 2001, began to surge in July 2002.2 Between 2002 and 2003, earthquake swarms occurred over one hundred times a day, and 2,100 earthquakes were observed in 2003 alone.2 These earthquakes, identified as B-type volcano-tectonic (VT-B) and long-period (LP) earthquakes with frequencies in the $5-10 Hz$ range, are analyzed to be caused by fractures in the upper part of the magma chamber located 3-5 km deep and the intrusion of magma.2
- Ground Deformation: The intrusion of underground magma caused abnormal ground deformation. GPS observations detected that the volcanic body was expanding, centered on the Cheonji caldera summit, after 2002. A horizontal displacement of about $4 cm$ or more was observed in 2003 compared to 2002.2 Furthermore, precise leveling surveys showed a vertical expansion of more than $10 cm$ at its maximum.1
- Gas and Temperature Changes: The magmatic activity, originating from the mantle, also affected hot springs and volcanic gases. The temperature of hot springs around Cheonji gradually increased from the existing 69℃$ to a maximum of 83℃.2 Volcanic gas analysis showed high helium isotope ratios (3He/4He), proving its mantle origin 2, and at times, the content of helium (He) and hydrogen (H2) surged by more than 10 times.1
These unstable precursor phenomena (earthquake frequency, ground deformation rates) showed a decreasing trend after 2006, returning to the stable levels of 1999-2001.2 However, the swarming characteristic of the earthquakes persists, and phenomena such as rising hot spring temperatures, rockfalls, and tree die-offs due to volcanic gas are still observed, indicating Baekdusan remains in an unstable state and still holds the potential for a future eruption.1 This suggests an urgent need for robust international joint monitoring and pre-emptive disaster prevention measures for volcanic hazard mitigation.3
<Table 1> Summary of Baekdusan Volcanic Activity Precursors (2002-2005)
1.1.2. The Value of UNESCO Global Geopark Designation
The geological value of Baekdusan was internationally recognized when the Chinese side ('Changbaishan') 4 in March 2024 and the North Korean side ('Paektusan') 5 in April 2025 were separately designated as UNESCO Global Geoparks. North Korea had already been systematically researching Baekdusan's geological value for 30 years, mobilizing its Institute of Geology under the direction of Kim Jong Il.6
The core values for which the Baekdusan region was recognized as a Global Geopark are as follows 6:
- Baekdusan Composite Volcanic Cone: A massive composite cone formed over millions of years through shield, stratovolcano, and explosive eruption phases. The rock composition, particularly the trachyte series centered on Janggun Peak, is globally rare.
- Baekdusan Cheonji (Heaven Lake): As the largest and highest caldera lake in Asia, its academic and scenic value is extremely high.
- Millennium Eruption Deposits: The remnants of the 10th-century Great Eruption are considered an optimal location for studying the eruption's intensity, scale, and the formation mechanisms of pyroclastic materials.
- Jong Il Peak: A massive lava pinnacle formed as the rock in the volcanic conduit (vent) was preserved while resisting erosion (denudation), considered a geological heritage of great international significance.
- Amnok (Yalu) River Pyroclastic Rock Gorge: Provides crucial clues for studying the sequence of volcanic eruptions and also holds aesthetic value due to its developed rock pillars (columnar joints, etc.).
- Rimyongsu Underground Waterfalls: A unique form where groundwater gushes out from between cliffs, a rare geological phenomenon internationally.
1.1.3. The Apex of the Korean Peninsula's Ecosystem: Endemic Flora and Fauna
Upon its geological foundation, Baekdusan is the starting point that forms the 'Baekdudaegan,' the core axis of the Korean Peninsula's ecosystem.7 The Baekdudaegan is the central spine and a key reservoir of the peninsula's ecosystem; the southern Baekdudaegan alone is home to 109 of South Korea's 407 endemic plant species.7
Baekdusan's unique harsh climate and high-altitude environment have created a distinctive ecosystem. The alpine zone features unique wildflower colonies such as Gagea uniflora (Gaegamchae), Primula cuneifolia (Jomseoraengcho), Rhododendron aureum (Norang Manbyeongcho), and Rhodiola angusta (Job-eun-ip Dolkkot) 8, while Betula ermanii (Sasre-namu) grows natively near the tree line.8
In terms of animal ecosystems, Baekdusan is a primary habitat for the Siberian tiger, or 'Baekdusan tiger,' one of the world's 10 most endangered animals.9 The tiger's habitat crosses borders, encompassing the Russian Far East, China's Northeast region, and North Korea's Baekdusan area. In South Korea, the Baekdudaegan National Arboretum operates the 'Tiger Forest,' the largest in the country (4.8 hectares), created to resemble the natural habitat, conducting species conservation and ecological research on the Baekdusan tiger.10
Meanwhile, the underwater ecosystem of Baekdusan's Cheonji remains an unknown territory due to the extreme limitations on scientific exploration imposed by its border-zone location.11 This has led to sightings of a 'Cheonji monster,' though it is highly likely to be a black bear, a scaly-sided merganser, or simply a part of nature that humans do not yet understand.11
As such, Baekdusan's geological reality (active volcano) and ecological characteristics (Baekdudaegan, tiger habitat) possess 'transboundary' attributes. The magma activity underground 2 and the movement of tigers 9 are not constrained by human-drawn borders. However, the management of this mountain is strictly divided by a border treaty signed in 1962 4, and even its UNESCO Global Geopark designation was pursued separately by China ('Changbaishan') 4 and North Korea ('Paektusan').5 This demonstrates a conflict between Baekdusan's natural-scientific reality as a 'living organism' and its political reality as a 'dividedly managed entity.' The need for transboundary cooperation, such as joint volcanic response 3 or tiger ecosystem conservation 10, clashes with exclusive territorial claims, such as the use of the name 'Changbaishan'.4 Paradoxically, the natural entity of Baekdusan itself presents the justification for overcoming humanistic and political division.
1.2. Baekdusan in History: An Arena of Territorial and Ideological Contests
Baekdusan has been not just a geographical entity, but also a grand screen onto which the territorial and ideological aspirations of various political forces have been projected throughout history.
1.2.1. The Seat of Ancient Dynasties: The Fall of Balhae and Volcanic Activity
Baekdusan was located within the central territory of Balhae (Daejinguk) 12, a state founded on the former lands of Goguryeo. Balhae was called the "Prosperous Country in the East" (Haedong Seongguk) and fostered its own unique culture for 228 years.12
The connection between the fall of Balhae (926) and Baekdusan's volcanic activity is a long-standing debate among historians. While the 10th-century Great Eruption is sometimes estimated to have occurred just after Balhae's fall (around 935) 12, a hypothesis exists that frequent earthquakes and signs of volcanic activity had already appeared before the collapse. This may have unsettled the populace, depleted national resources in disaster response, and weakened the court, allowing the Khitan to invade and hasten the kingdom's demise.12 It has been suggested that one reason for the particular scarcity of Balhae's historical records is the possibility that numerous documents were buried by such natural disasters.12 China is attempting to exploit this 'historical vacuum' through its 'Northeast Project,' which seeks to incorporate the histories of Goguryeo and Balhae into its own regional history.12
1.2.2. Border Demarcation and Conflict: From the Baekdusan Jeonggyebi Stele to the Sino-North Korean Border Treaty
Until the modern era, Baekdusan was a space without a clearly defined border, which sowed the seeds of long-running territorial disputes. In 1712 (during the reign of King Sukjong of Joseon), Joseon and Qing China erected the "Baekdusan Jeonggyebi (Stele)," which recorded: "West is the Amnok (Yalu) River, East is the Tomun River (西爲鴨綠 東爲土門)." However, differing interpretations of the location of this 'Tomun River' gave rise to the 'Gando issue'.4
This confusion was solidified into the current border line through the 1909 'Gando Convention' (signed by Imperial Japan, which had seized the Korean Empire's diplomatic rights, and Qing) and, subsequently, the 1962 'Sino-North Korean Border Treaty,' which was signed in secret.4 According to this treaty, Cheonji (Heaven Lake), the symbol of Baekdusan, was divided, with 54.5% becoming North Korean territory and 45.5% Chinese.4 Of the 16 peaks surrounding Cheonji, 9 were allocated to North Korea and 7 to China.4 The government of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) does not officially recognize the validity of this treaty and maintains a nominal claim to the territory.4
1.2.3. A Sacred Site of the Anti-Japanese Independence Movement: Spiritual Symbol and Physical Base
During the Japanese colonial period, Baekdusan functioned as a 'spiritual wick' and a 'symbolic mirror' of national liberation for the Korean people.13 For nationalist thinkers, including those of the Daejonggyo faith, Baekdusan was embraced as the origin of national identity.13
However, the physical base for the anti-Japanese struggle was not Baekdusan itself, but its periphery in the Manchurian region: Bukgando (North Gando) and Seogando (West Gando).15
- Bukgando (Yongjeong, Myeongdongchon area): This was an independence movement base noted by patriots, including the Sinminhoe (New People's Association).15 In 1906, figures like Yi Sang-seol and Yi Dong-nyeong established the 'Seojeon Seosuk' in Longjing (Yongjeong), a cradle of nationalist education.15 Later, Kim Yak-yeon and others pioneered 'Myeongdongchon' (Village of Bright East) and founded 'Myeongdong School,' practicing the ideal of 'illuminating the East'.15 The poet Yun Dong-ju was a product of this Myeongdongchon and Myeongdong School.15 After the March 13th Manse Demonstration in Yongjeong in 1919, Myeongdong School effectively served as the headquarters of the Bukgando National Association, and its graduates joined forces like Hong Beom-do's Korean Independence Army, becoming the core of the Battle of Bongodong and the Battle of Cheongsalli.15
- Seogando (Samwonpo area): In 1910, Yi Hoe-yeong, Yi Dong-nyeong, Yang Gi-tak, and others migrated en masse to establish the 'Gyeonghaksa' (Plowing and Learning Society) and 'Sinhan Minchon' (New Korean People's Village). They also founded the 'Sinheung Gangseupso' (Sinheung Training School), the 'Sinheung Military Academy,' which became the crucible of the anti-Japanese armed struggle.15
Thus, the Baekdusan region was the historical stage for the anti-Japanese struggle. This history of sacrifice became a historical backdrop for the Chinese government's relatively magnanimous treatment of its Joseonjok (Korean) minority.16 At the same time, however, China shows attempts to reframe their struggle not as the 'Korean independence movement,' but as the 'revolutionary struggle of the Chinese Joseonjok,' incorporating it into its own national history.15 This foretells another conflict over the 'historical vacuum' of Baekdusan.
The history of Baekdusan has been a 'Historical Vacuum,' a space lacking "positive history." Balhae's records were lost (presumably due to volcanic activity) 12, and the mountain's own ruggedness made permanent human habitation or governance difficult until the modern era. It is precisely this 'vacuum' that surrounding political forces have sought to fill with their own ideologies. China attempts to absorb this vacuum into "a part of Chinese history" through its 'Northeast Project'.12 Korean nationalism filled it with the 'spiritual symbol' of a 'sacred national site'.13 And North Korea created and inserted its ruling ideology of the 'Baekdu Bloodline' into this vacuum.17 In this way, Baekdusan has been less a space of 'fact' and more an arena of 'narratives.'
1.3. Cultural Representation and Contemporary Issues
Baekdusan transcends its geographical and historical space to function as a powerful cultural symbol, and in the modern era, it has become the subject of sharp political disputes.
1.3.1. Conceptual Baekdusan in Joseon Painting: Analysis of the
Among Joseon Dynasty landscape paintings, works directly depicting Baekdusan and Cheonji are extremely rare.19 A Baekdusan painting included in the (Ten Scenic Sites of Gwanbuk) album, presumed to be from the 18th-19th century, differs significantly from the actual appearance of the "sacred mountain" we know from photographs today.19
The painting is characterized by whitish rock peaks, arranged in relative left-right symmetry and overlapping regularly, embracing a round, pond-like Cheonji. At the bottom, pattern-like clouds are drawn schematically.19 This style is less a "true-view" landscape (Silgyeong Sansuhwa) and more aligned with the decorative elements of the 'Irworobongdo (Sun, Moon, and Five Peaks screen),' a form of royal court painting.19 This implies that the artists of the time did not paint Baekdusan as they saw it, but rather recreated the image according to a framework of 'concept' (gwan-nyeom)—the 'dignity and authority' felt from the sacred mountain.19 In the Joseon era, Baekdusan was an object of 'conceptual landscape,' symbolizing royal authority and national dignity, even before it was a geographical subject.
1.3.2. Modern North Korea's Symbol Manipulation: The 'Baekdu Bloodline' and the Mythification of the 'Secret Camp'
The 'conceptual' representation of the Joseon era extended into 'ideological' symbol manipulation in modern North Korea. North Korea has mythologized the legitimacy of its three-generation hereditary succession (Kim Il Sung–Kim Jong Il–Kim Jong Un) with the term 'Baekdu bloodline'.17
The core of this 'Baekdu bloodline' narrative is the claim that Kim Il Sung waged his anti-Japanese guerrilla struggle in the Baekdusan area (e.g., the Battle of Pochonbo) 17, and that Kim Jong Il was born at the 'Baekdusan Secret Camp Hometown House,' the very site of that struggle.17
According to historical fact, however, Kim Jong Il was born near Khabarovsk in the Soviet Union, where Kim Il Sung had fled to escape Japanese suppression campaigns.17 The 'Baekdusan Secret Camp' currently sanctified by North Korea is a 'created holy site,' established after the fact to reinforce Kim Jong Il's legitimacy. In 1988, the existing 'Sobaeksan Workers' District' was renamed the 'Baekdusan Secret Camp Workers' District,' and the 'birthplace' was 'restored'.18 North Korea also fabricated the legend that Kim Jong Il's title 'Gwangmyeongseong (Shining Star)' was given to him in 1942 by guerrilla fighters at the camp praising his birth 21, thoroughly utilizing the symbolic space of Baekdusan to construct its ruling ideology.
1.3.3. 'Changbaishan' and the Northeast Project: Cultural Sovereignty Conflicts Over Naming and History
The ideological conflict surrounding Baekdusan is escalating into a sharp contemporary dispute over cultural sovereignty, intertwined with China's 'Northeast Project.' China is attempting to incorporate the history of Goguryeo and Balhae into its own history of regional ethnic minorities 12, which is interpreted as an intention to solidify its historical claim over the former lands of Goguryeo, including Baekdusan.12
This conflict is starkly revealed in the use of the name 'Baekdusan' versus 'Changbaishan (長白山).' China is actively working to formalize the name 'Changbaishan' internationally. In 2024, its unilateral use of the name 'Changbaishan Geopark' for the UNESCO World Geopark registration sparked significant controversy within South Korea.4 This is not seen as a simple difference in nomenclature, but as a matter of sovereignty over the history (Balhae, the anti-Japanese movement) and cultural identity associated with the mountain.12
Baekdusan, which was painted as a 'concept' of 'royal authority' in the Joseon Dynasty 19, has, by the 21st century, become a battlefield of 'ideological concepts,' where North Korea's 'concept' of 'revolutionary legitimacy' 18 collides with China's 'concept' of 'territorial sovereignty' as a 'unified multi-ethnic state'.4
Part 2: The Source of Vitality, Insam (人蔘) - From Medicinal Herb to K-Culture Icon
If Baekdusan is the geographical and spiritual origin of the Korean people, Insam (ginseng) has functioned as the source of vitality and the core symbol of medicinal (yak-yong) culture. Ginseng has rooted itself deeply not only in its botanical characteristics but also in cultivation techniques, processing innovations, food culture, and the global industry.
2.1. The Origin and History of Ginseng Cultivation
The history of ginseng is the product of a long agrarian culture, combining the natural environment of the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria with the human wisdom that utilized it.
2.1.1. An Academic Study of the Korean Peninsula Origin Theory: Focusing on the Etymology of 'Sim'
The earliest records of ginseng appear in literature only after its medicinal effects were widely recognized, making it nearly impossible to empirically determine its origin.23
Traditionally, the "Chinese origin theory" has been accepted, suggesting that the Shangdang region of China during the Han Dynasty (1st century BCE) was the origin of ginseng.23 However, this theory has limitations. It fails to adequately explain why ginseng "suddenly" appeared in Chinese literature during the Han Dynasty despite having grown wild for thousands of years, nor does it clarify why multiple Chinese characters (pronounced [sï m]) were used simultaneously to denote ginseng.23
As an alternative, the "Korean Peninsula origin theory" has been proposed.23 This theory focuses on Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula as the natural growth environments for ginseng. It posits that the indigenous peoples of this region (ancestors of the Korean people) first identified and used ginseng medicinally, calling it by the native word 'sim.' This was then introduced to China through cultural exchanges, such as the establishment of the Han commanderies.23 The various names for ginseng in Chinese texts are interpreted as borrowing-sound characters, transcribing the sound of the foreign medicinal herb's native name, 'sim'.23 Therefore, the actual origin of ginseng may not be Shangdang, China, but Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, with its use dating back much earlier than written records suggest.23
2.1.2. The History of Wild Ginseng (Sansam): A Quality Comparison of Gaema Plateau 'Goryeo-sam' and Southern 'Baekje/Silla-sam'
Ginseng, originally called 'Goryeo Insam' (Goryeo ginseng), began to be distinguished as natural 'Sansam' (wild ginseng) and 'cultivated ginseng' during the late Goryeo dynasty, when wild ginseng became rare and cultivation began.24 By the early Joseon Dynasty, wild ginseng was rapidly depleted due to rising demand from China and forest clearing by "slash-and-burn" farmers.24
Wild ginseng differentiated into local varieties (tosokjong) with unique characteristics based on the climate and soil conditions of each region.24 According to historical literature, these wild ginsengs received different names and evaluations by region 24:
- Goryeo-sam (高麗蔘): Wild ginseng from the northern regions, namely the Gaema Plateau and the Changbai mountain range (Baekdusan) area.
- Baekje-sam (百濟蔘): Wild ginseng from the southern regions, centered around Jirisan Mountain.
- Silla-sam (新羅蔘): Wild ginseng from the southern regions, centered on the Taebaek and Sobaek mountain ranges.
What is noteworthy is the quality assessment found in historical texts. According to this literature, the 'Baekje-sam' and 'Silla-sam' from the southern regions were evaluated as being outstanding in quality and efficacy.24 In contrast, the northern 'Goryeo-sam' from the Baekdusan and Gaema Plateau area, though large in form, was recorded as being inferior in quality and efficacy to the ginseng from the south.24
<Table 2> Comparison of Regional Wild Ginseng (Sansam) Characteristics in Joseon Era Literature
2.1.3. The Development of Cultivation Techniques: 'Ginseng Cultivation and Medicinal Culture' as National Intangible Cultural Heritage
As wild ginseng became depleted, a semi-cultivation form emerged, where seeds were planted near where wild ginseng was found.25 Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, the 'haegarim (sun-shading) farming method'—planting seeds in fields and providing shade—became fully established.25 The Gaeseong region, in particular, became the center of cultivation, and 'Gaeseong Insam' gained worldwide fame under the name 'Goryeo Insam (Koryo Ginseng)'.25
This demonstrates a fascinating 'historical brand reversal.' While 'Goryeo-sam' (northern wild ginseng) was evaluated as low quality 24, 'Goryeo Insam' (Gaeseong cultivated ginseng), which inherited the name of the Goryeo dynasty, combined with Joseon's superior cultivation and processing techniques to become the world's top brand.25 This suggests that the identity of modern 'K-Ginseng' is based not on the primal vitality of Baekdusan, but on the advanced agricultural technology represented by the Gaeseong merchants.
Recognizing this unique and long historical value, 'Ginseng Cultivation and Medicinal Culture' was designated as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2020, the first in the agricultural field.26 Its core values as cultural heritage are as follows 26:
- Long Tradition: A history of cultivation that began in the Goryeo era and was fully developed by the 18th century.
- Unique Techniques: Unique empirical knowledge passed down through generations, such as 'gaegap (seed stratification)' to break seed dormancy, the 'haegarim farming method' to control sun and rain, and the method of using a compass to align field rows.
- Comprehensive Culture: It encompasses not only cultivation techniques but also the food (like Samgyetang), rituals, and folklore (where it's called 'bullocho' or elixir of immortality) related to ginseng.
- Emotional Symbolism: It is deeply rooted in the Korean psyche as a symbol of health and longevity.
2.2. The Evolution of Processing Technology: From Goryeo's 'Suksam' to 'K-Red Ginseng'
The core competitiveness of K-Ginseng lies not only in its cultivation techniques but also in the unparalleled technology of processing ginseng into 'Hongsam' (red ginseng).
2.2.1. The Forgotten 'Suksam' (Steamed Ginseng) of Goryeo and Technological Changes in Joseon
The 'Ssuksam' (steamed ginseng) technique, the process of steaming or boiling ginseng, is the prototype of red ginseng. Surprisingly, this technique already existed in the Goryeo Dynasty, as recorded in 1123 by the Song Dynasty envoy Xu Jing in his Goryeo Dogyeong (Illustrated Account of Goryeo).27
However, this steamed ginseng processing method appears to have been discontinued by the Joseon Dynasty.27 In the early 17th century (King Seonjo's reign), Joseon officials claimed, "Our country has never had pasam (a type of steamed ginseng) from ancient times".27 They were critical of the steamed ginseng method demanded by Ming merchants, stating, "If ginseng is boiled, its medicinal components are lost".27 The Joseon court even went so far as to explain to the Ming Dynasty that they had 'learned' this technique from Ming merchants during the Imjin War.27
2.2.2. The Birth of Hongsam (Red Ginseng): 17th-Century Market-Driven Innovation
The discontinued steaming technique was revived in the 17th century, not due to medical necessity, but because of 'market' and 'logistical' demands. The Ming and Later Jin (Qing) dynasties, the largest importers of ginseng, strongly preferred steamed ginseng (ssuksam/pasam) for stable, long-term storage and distribution.27
Joseon merchants, responding to market demands, were already producing and selling pasam to Ming by 1602.27 Qing's founder, Nurhaci, also devised (or adopted) a method of boiling and drying ginseng around 1605.27
This market-driven innovation created enormous economic value. Hongsam (red ginseng), which turned red through the process of steaming and drying (jeung-po), was sold for 100 nyang in Joseon, but could be sold for 350-700 nyang in China, and up to 2,300 nyang in the Qing dynasty.28 This was a "cash cow" product, yielding margins of over 150 times.28 K-Insam and Hongsam were the 'original K-Product' that the world coveted, long before K-Dramas.
2.2.3. Modern Scientific Verification: The Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginsenosides
While 17th-century Joseon officials worried about 'losing medicinal components' 27, modern science has proven their concerns wrong. In fact, the processing of ginseng into red ginseng (steaming and drying) induces a 'transformation and enhancement of medicinal effects,' creating new pharmacological components (ginsenosides) that are absent or minimal in raw ginseng (baeksam), or increasing their content.
The key active components of ginseng are saponin compounds called 'Ginsenosides'.29 Korean Goryeo ginseng (P. panax) is differentiated from American/Canadian ginseng (P. quinquefolius) by its composition, containing components like G.Rf, which the latter lacks.29 The main effects of ginseng and red ginseng, as revealed by modern science, include:
- Immune and Respiratory System: Long-term consumption of ginseng/red ginseng can help prevent colds and influenza, and aid in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases.31 This is because it enhances the immune response to flu vaccines and boosts the activity of alveolar macrophages.31
- Hematopoietic (Blood-forming) Function: Ginseng promotes the recovery of hematopoietic function damaged by radiation-induced bone marrow injury.31 It is also reported to be effective in improving anemia and poor complexion.31 Specifically, the ginsenoside G-Re component promotes bone marrow cell synthesis.31
- Anti-cancer Adjuvant: Ginsenoside G-Rg3 (a component unique to red ginseng) helps inhibit cancer cell metastasis and suppress resistance to chemotherapy agents.31
- Anti-Stress: Ginsenoside G-Rb1 acts as ginseng's anti-stress component.29
These efficacies align with the use of ginseng in traditional Korean medicine, such as in the Donguibogam, for restoring vital energy, replenishing bodily fluids, and treating heart palpitations, insomnia, and forgetfulness.32 The innovation of 'Hongsam,' born from 17th-century logistical demands 27, consequently achieved the scientific feat of enhancing ginseng's medicinal effects (G-Rg3, etc.) from a modern scientific perspective.
2.3. Ginseng in Korean Life and Culture
Ginseng is not merely a medicinal herb; it is deeply embedded in the daily food culture and health perceptions of Koreans.
2.3.1. A Symbol of Traditional Medicine and Boyang (Restorative Health): The Science of Food Pairings
In traditional medicine, ginseng is the quintessential bogi (replenishing gi, or vital energy) food.33 The most representative example of ginseng combined with Korean food culture is 'Samgyetang' (ginseng chicken soup).
Samgyetang is a representative boyang (restorative) dish that achieves a harmony of yin and yang. It combines chicken (warm natured, boyang - replenishing yang), ginseng (bogi - replenishing gi), and jujubes (bohyeol - replenishing blood).33
This combination is highly scientific from a "food pairing" (eumshik gunghap) perspective. Ginseng, being warm to hot in nature, can cause side effects if consumed in excess.34 However, when paired with chicken (which is neutral in nature and replenishes sugi, or water energy 34), the chicken enhances ginseng's energy-restoring effects while neutralizing its warm properties, mitigating side effects. This is a "geumsang cheomhwa" (adding brocade to brocade) pairing.34 Ginseng also pairs well with pork 36, sea cucumber, and omija berries.36
2.3.2. A Social History of Samgyetang: The 1988 Seoul Olympics and the Replacement of Boshintang
Today, Samgyetang is known as the 'most Korean traditional restorative food,' but its history is surprisingly short. The prototype of Samgyetang, 'gyesamtang,' appears to have originated during the Japanese colonial period, when the wealthy would add ginseng powder to their chicken soup (baeksuk).37 It was only after the 1960s, when refrigerators became widespread and storing fresh ginseng (susam) became feasible, that the current form—using a whole ginseng root—developed.38
The decisive moment that elevated Samgyetang to its status as the 'representative national restorative food' was the '1988 Seoul Olympics'.37
- Before 1988: The representative restorative food for Boknal (the three hottest days of summer) in Korea was 'boshintang' (dog meat soup).37 At the time, boshintang was considered the 'restorative food of the common people,' while Samgyetang was seen as that of the 'upper class'.39
- The 1988 Olympics: In the lead-up to the Seoul Olympics, the "dog-eating" culture became an international controversy, viewed as 'barbaric' by the 'external gaze' of the West.39 In response, the city of Seoul banned the sale of boshintang.37
- The Result: The popularity of boshintang plummeted, and 'Samgyetang' surged to fill the vacuum as its replacement.37 The content (restorative health, boyang) was maintained, but the form (Samgyetang), which was 'inoffensive' to the international gaze, took its place.
This social history shows that Samgyetang's current status is not only a product of long 'tradition,' but also a modern, political product of Korean culture 'censoring' and 'rebranding' itself to meet a global standard (the Olympics). Ginseng acted as the key cultural code that endowed this 'new tradition' with health, luxury, and traditional legitimacy.
<Table 3> The Changing of the Guard: A Comparison of Representative Boyangshik (Restorative Foods) Before and After the 1980s
2.4. The Global Branding and Future of K-Ginseng
Goryeo Insam, which once held the status of the 'ginseng sovereign,' faces new challenges in the 21st-century global market and is seeking to evolve from an 'agricultural product' to an 'advanced material.'
2.4.1. Changing Status in the Global Market and Challenges
Goryeo Insam was an important export product since the Three Kingdoms period.41 However, after recording over $100 million in annual exports until the mid-1990s, exports plummeted starting in 1997, losing the No. 1 market share to the US and Canada.42 As of 2007, the top share of the international ginseng market was held by Canada (30%), with South Korea ranking third (18%) after the US.42
The core reasons K-Ginseng is struggling are 'loss of price competitiveness' and 'low productivity'.41
- High Production Costs: Korea's production cost per 1kg of ginseng (21,317 KRW) is 2.5 to 5.9 times higher than competitors like the US (6,440 KRW), Canada (8,604 KRW), and China (3,590 KRW).42
- Low Productivity: The average cultivation area per farm (0.95 ha) is smaller than competing countries, and the production yield per 10a (approx. 0.25 acres) is also lower than in the US and Canada.42
- Intensified Competition: Systematic marketing by North America, the proliferation of counterfeit Chinese products, and tariff and non-tariff barriers in various countries also hinder exports.41
<Table 4> Global Ginseng Market Competitiveness Comparison (Late 2000s Basis)
(Source: Reconstructed based on 42)
2.4.2. Modern Industrial Applications: K-Beauty and the Bio-Industry
Having lost price competitiveness in the raw materials (commodity) market for 'root ginseng,' K-Ginseng is finding a new path in the 'high-value-added ingredient' market. In the K-Beauty (cosmetics) industry, in particular, ginseng is drawing attention as a core ingredient.
Research on cosmetics (essence, mist, mask packs) using organic ginseng extract 43 showed that the extract not only passed COSMOS (BDIH) organic certification and skin irritation tests, but also demonstrated whitening effects (66.68% inhibition of melanin production) and anti-inflammatory effects (22.29% inhibition of NO production) in cell experiments. This shows ginseng can be utilized as a scientifically-verified, high-functionality beauty ingredient, moving beyond its traditional food/medicinal use.43
2.4.3. Challenges as a Sustainable Ecological Agriculture
Ginseng is a demanding crop that is heavily influenced by soil conditions. While ginseng cultivation is active in the low hilly areas of the Civilian Control Line (CCL) near the DMZ (Paju, Yeoncheon) 44, this implies a need for management of the environmental impact in this sensitive region.
Accordingly, ginseng cultivation methods are evolving toward sustainable agriculture.45 Techniques are being developed, such as the 'drip irrigation' method, which saves 44% on water usage and reduces root rot (naebaek), and technologies that raise the survival rate in continuous cultivation soil from 8.9% to 80.8% through solar sterilization after planting green manure crops.45
2.4.4. K-Ginseng Branding Strategy
The future of K-Ginseng depends on shifting its identity from an 'agricultural product' to a 'biotech material' and 'cultural icon.' If it cannot win on price competition 42, it must pursue 'uniqueness' and 'high value' based on K-Ginseng's unique components (like G.Rf) 29, scientific efficacy (hematopoietic function, whitening) 31, and cultural value (Intangible Cultural Heritage).26
This requires powerful 'branding' through the establishment of Korean ginseng's identity.41 This is similar to the strategy of the K-Food 'Bul-dak' (Fire Chicken) brand, which became a 'culture of enjoyment' rather than just a 'spicy noodle'.46 In other words, a sophisticated branding strategy is required that 'unifies' K-Ginseng's premium image while simultaneously pursuing 'localized' products tailored to the tastes and regulations of each market.46
Part 3: Comprehensive Analysis - Baekdusan and Insam, the Two Pillars of Korean National Identity
Baekdusan and Insam are two key symbolic assets that constitute Korean national identity. These two subjects have intersected across the realms of history, culture, and ecology, weaving the nation's narrative.
3.1. Symbols of 'Origin': The Geographic Wellspring (Baekdusan) and the Source of Life (Insam)
Baekdusan is the geographical wellspring of the Korean Peninsula and the 'nation's spiritual mountain,' serving as a spiritual anchor at critical junctures in national history, such as the founding of Balhae 12 and the anti-Japanese struggle.13 Insam, originating from the native word 'sim' 23, is the source of vitality, symbolized as the 'elixir of immortality' 26, and the foundation that has supported the nation's health and medicinal culture.32 Interestingly, these two symbols are also geographically linked, as the 'Baekdusan/Gaema Plateau area' was the home of 'Goryeo-sam'.24
3.2. A Narrative of Trial and Overcoming: The Symbolism of the 'Boundary'
Both symbols share a narrative of overcoming 'boundaries' and 'trials.'
- Baekdusan (The National Boundary): Baekdusan has been at the center of border disputes since ancient times 4 and was a symbolic space of resistance against imperial aggression in the modern era.13 It currently stands at the frontline 'boundary' where ideologies (South/North) and historical perceptions (Korea/China) collide.4
- Insam (The Boundary of Life and Death): Insam has functioned as a medicinal herb that breathes vitality across the 'boundary of life and death'—restoring the vital energy of a weakened body 34, promoting the recovery of bone marrow function damaged by radiation 31, and alleviating extreme stress.29
3.3. Reinterpreting Tradition and Future Value
The value of Baekdusan and Insam is not fixed in the 'tradition' of the past; it is constantly being 'reinterpreted' in modern contexts, its meaning expanding or, at times, conflicting.
Baekdusan is being re-recognized from a 'conceptual spiritual mountain' 19 to a 'tangible geological resource' that requires monitoring for eruption potential 2, and a 'transboundary ecological resource' for endeavors like tiger habitat conservation.9 Simultaneously, it is an arena for political ideologies, namely the 'Baekdu bloodline' 17 and 'Changbaishan'.4
Insam, likewise, has evolved from a 'traditional medicinal herb' 32 to a 'global K-Food icon' (Samgyetang) in the wake of the 1988 Olympics 37, and further, beyond the limits of an 'agricultural product,' into an 'advanced bio/beauty ingredient'.43
In conclusion, the future value of Baekdusan and Insam depends on preserving their inherent historicity 12 and ecological nature 7, while simultaneously creating 'new narratives' and 'innovative strategies' to overcome modern challenges like geopolitical conflict 4 and global market competition.42 Joint scientific research on Baekdusan and the industrial advancement of Insam will be key to realizing this future value.
Works cited
과거 백두산의 화산활동과 향후 분화 가능성 그리고 남한학자들의 백두산 연구 참여 방안, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://data.kigam.re.kr/ieg/cmmn/downloadFile.do?fileName=Z1103014.PDF
[논문]백두산 화산의 전조활동 분석 연구 - 한국과학기술정보연구원, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchArticle.do?cn=JAKO201224237135656
[다큐S프라임] 백두산의 100년 주기 폭발설.. 2025년이 위험하다 / YTN 사이언스 - YouTube, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncoG70TCSGc
백두산 국경 문제 - 나무위키, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%B0%B1%EB%91%90%EC%82%B0%20%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C
중국 이어 북한 쪽 백두산도 유네스코 지질공원 등재돼 - 한겨레, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/asiapacific/1191937.html
백두산지역 세계지질공원으로 등록, 이에 공헌한 연구사들은? - 통일뉴스, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=213505
【백두대간 속으로】<42>연재를 마치며 - 현대불교, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://www.hyunbulnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=127328
활동가 Ariel의 2025 백두산 야생화 탐방기 : 블로그 - 서울그린트러스트, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://greentrust.or.kr/blog/?bmode=view&idx=166988144
중국·러시아, 백두산호랑이 보호·연구 공동연구소 설립 - 연합뉴스, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240315138400009
"멸종 위기 백두산 호랑이 보려면 봉화 숲으로 오세요" / YTN 사이언스 - YouTube, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3kJVVcBK8o
Black object caught on camera after a sneak peek! The true nature of the monster discovered on th... - YouTube, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ni734te46_g
백두산과 발해 > 참한역사칼럼 - 참한역사신문, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://ichn.co.kr/kgs/410?bo_table=kgs&wr_id=410&rewrite=1&spt=29633&page=1&device=pc
통일이여, 백두산의 영험을 품고 오라, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=127300
[림재호] 백두산은 언제부터 민족의 영산이 되었을까? - 열린순창, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.opsc.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=22175
동북아역사재단 뉴스레터, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.nahf.or.kr/web/portal/webzine/774/65143
백두산 천지에 오르다 - 여성동아, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://woman.donga.com/people/article/all/12/143727/1
[평양투시경] 날조된 백두혈통과 과장된 보천보전투 - 자유일보, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.jayupress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=41077
백두산 밀영 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EB%91%90%EC%82%B0_%EB%B0%80%EC%98%81
조선시대 화가들이 그린 '기묘한' 백두산 - 한겨레, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/930661.html
김일성 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%9D%BC%EC%84%B1
北이 밝힌 `광명성' 호칭의 시원은 백두산 - 연합뉴스, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20120206155100014
백두산은 역시 민족의 영산··· 처절했던 독립군 숨결 느꼈다 - 무등일보, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.mdilbo.com/detail//700232
조선인삼 1)의 기원에 대하여 - :: Korean Journal of Medical History, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://medhist.or.kr/upload/pdf/kjmh-13-1-1.pdf
산삼(山蔘)이야기! - 미주 한국일보, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://www.koreatimes.com/article/20161228/1031440
[4] 고려 인삼 - 우리역사넷, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://contents.history.go.kr/front/ta/print.do?levelId=ta_e41_0030_0010_0040&whereStr=
'인삼 키우기' 국가 무형문화재로 지정 - 한겨레, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/963910.html
:: Korean Journal of Medical History, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.medhist.or.kr/journal/view.php?number=2392
K-FOOD!!!! 인삼 어디까지 알고있니 - YouTube, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq1mIY7A0JM
현대의학에 의하여 밝혀진 고려인삼의 약리효능, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://www.koreaginseng.or.kr/sub/sub6_1.asp
인삼의 효능 | KOREAN RED GINSENG - 정관장, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.koreanginsengus.com/copy-of-%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0-%EC%9E%AC%EC%A1%B0%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95
인삼의 화학성분 및 효능, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.nongsaro.go.kr/portal/ps/psb/psbk/kidoContentsFileDownload.ps?kidofcomdtyNo=21634
인삼(人參) - 한약자원연구센터, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://herba.kr/boncho/?m=view&t=dict&id=31873
여름철 복날, 왜 삼계탕이이어야 하는가, 한의학적으로 풀어낸 삼계탕의 효능..한의학 상식 이것만은 알아두자 - 메디콤뉴스, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://medikom.co.kr/news/view.php?no=4017
[알면 약 되는 음식 궁합]닭고기와 인삼은 '금상첨화' - 헬스조선, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2019052001964
여름철 보양식 '인삼', 궁합 좋은 식재료는? - 식품음료신문, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.thinkfood.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=94796
[신문은 선생님] [사소한 역사] 일제강점기 때 닭백숙에 인삼 가루 넣어 ..., accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.chosun.com/national/nie/2024/07/02/L7KBUTPJNRFTXNOIUDKO7BN6NA/
[사소한 역사] 삼계탕(蔘鷄湯) - 일제강점기 때 닭백숙에 인삼 가루 넣어… 올림픽 때 보신탕 금지되자 대표 보양식 됐죠 - 식품 및 과학 이야기 - 21세기 영어교육연구회(21st C.E.T.A.) - Daum 카페, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://cafe.daum.net/21ceta/Uur5/593
[사소한 역사] 일제강점기 때 닭백숙에 인삼 가루 넣어… 올림픽 때 보신탕 금지되자 대표 보양식 됐죠 - 조선일보, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://newsteacher.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2024/07/02/2024070200097.html
[아! 대한민국-236] 삼계탕 - 월드코리안뉴스, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.worldkorean.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=52187
한국인삼제품 수출장애요인 분석을 통한 마케팅 전략 - KISS, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://kiss.kstudy.com/DetailOa/Ar?key=51809535
'인삼종주국' 위상 뿌리채 흔들 - 푸드투데이, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://www.foodtoday.or.kr/mobile/article.html?no=69460
[보고서]유기농 인삼을 활용한 유기농 화장품 5종 개발 - 한국과학기술정보연구원, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchReport.do?cn=TRKO202000030666
Changes in Land Cover and the Cultivation Area of Ginseng in the Civilian Control Zone¹ ‐ Paju City and Yeoncheon County, accessed on November 14, 2025, http://www.envecojournal.org/journal/article.php?code=7436
[보고서]친환경 인삼생산을 위한 하우스 시설재배기술 개발, accessed on November 14, 2025, https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchReport.do?cn=TRKO201600003411
Comments